Toyota & Panasonic just announced a solar roof option for the Prius

… & quantified why you won’t want it.


Prius with new optional solar roof
Credit: Toyota/HybridCars

Solar cells on the roof of an electric car is a popular idea.

Panasonic’s solar roof for the Prius is described as having an output of 180 Watts.

Cruising at 100 kph (62 mph) on a flat road in an electric car requires about 14 kiloWatts. I.e. 14,000 Watts. That’s just maintaining speed, not accelerating, not climbing a hill.

Can you see where this is going?

As a fraction of 14 kiloWatts, 180 Watts is

180/14,000 = 0.013 = 1.3%

Putting that another way, if your drive 100 kilometres in one hour, on a flat, straight road, in good sunlight all the way, the solar roof will have added 1.3 kilometres. That assumes no losses in the system due to inefficiencies, & depending on how Panasonic/Toyota are rating their system, it probably means around mid-day, in summer, & not at high latitudes.

If the car is parked in sunlight, the solar roof could charge the battery. Ignoring the angle of the sun as it varies through the day & any inefficiencies in the charging system, in 8 hours at 180 Watts:

180 * 8 = 1,440 Watt hours = 1.4 kiloWatt hours

Driving for economy, at around-town speeds, one kiloWatt hour will propel an electric car about 6 kilometres (3.73 miles). So if you park your car in the sun at work, & live less than 8.4 kilometres (1.4 * 6 = 8.4 k = 5.2 miles) from work, you may just make it home on the power generated through the day.

If Toyota is offering its solar roof at no cost to the consumer, it may be marginally useful. On the other hand, they’re not running a charity ...

Neither is Tesla – the article linked below claims that a solar roof will be optional on the Model 3.

Electrek – “Tesla partner Panasonic unveils new 180W solar roof product for cars after Elon Musk said Model 3 could have the option”
https://electrek.co/2017/02/28/tesla-model-3-solar-roof-panasonic/

With much more roof area than is available in a sedan, say a classic VW bus, & solar panels with a generous overhang front & rear, it is possible to generate enough power for, “short trips within the city”.


Credit: Green Car Reports

HitchHiker's Guide 2 Tech: “Classic 1966 VW bus with a solar powered drivetrain”
https://hhg2tech.blogspot.com/2015/08/classic-1966-vw-bus-with-solar-powered.html / Tesla partner Panasonic unveils unveil unveiled new 180W solar roof Elon Musk Model 3 option Toyota unveiled new solar roof option 2017 Prius Prime Tesla CEO Elon Musk Tesla Model 3 solar roof option Panasonic solar cell battery cell supplier Tesla releasing new solar product automotive applications Toyota’s solar roof option Prius Panasonic HIT Photovoltaic Module for Automobile solar panels vehicles don’t generate enough electricity to do much of anything Toyota option solar roof previous PHEV Prius generating 50 W Panasonic’s new product 180 W module Prius Prime recharge the powertrain battery traction battery 12 Volt battery Panasonic’s solar cells unique structure combines crystalline silicon substrate amorphous silicon film high conversion efficiency excellent temperature characteristics automotive solar cells output auxiliary charging 12 V batteries ventilation power sources parked cars Panasonic’s solar cells high output 180 W limited area car’s roof charging drive lithium-ion batteries 12 V batteries extension of an EV’s travel distance increased in fuel economy not quite practical yet Koji Toyoshima Toyota’s chief engineer Prius plug-in solar panel increase car’s efficiency by up to 10 percent in good conditions panel add about 2.2 miles of electric range vehicle extremely optimistic Toyota’s electric estimates in the past energy usage reinforced glass sheeting not passing the US rollover crash tests working on a solution /

Patrick Stewart & Hugh Jackman on the final X-Men & its continuing relevance to world events

“Logan”, the just-released X-men movie, is the last of the line. Sir Patrick Stewart & Hugh Jackman were interviewed on Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV, & spoke about completing the last X-men & how it is still relevant to world events all these years after it first appeared in comic books.

Ageing on-screen
SIR PATRICK STEWART: I've been ageing on screen or on stage since I was 18. When I was 18, I played an 85-year-old man, so it's nothing new to me. I just got better at it as the years went by.

Brexit
SIR PATRICK STEWART: I was born in 1940. So I just have memories of the second world war & my father coming home from that. When we said officially, formally & we signed the documents, “Europe is united”, it made me so happy & now we're in the process of unravelling. This cannot come to good.



There is a slightly longer video, plus a transcript, both including the comment on Brexit by Sir Patrick Stewart at:
http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2016/s4628874.htm / Sir Patrick Stewart Hugh Jackman shed a tear over final X-Men Jeremy Fernandez presenter influence Donald Trump brand of politics Hugh Jackman and Sir Patrick Stewart President's narrative border control straight out of the script of their latest film Logan Australian TV interview together stars X-Men series from Taipei talk populist politics and sad goodbyes latest film violence violent, your character's superpowers blunted out-of-control optimism earlier films franchise has pretty much evaporated this is a very very different film deliberately different my last time playing it little more real more grey violent actually had something to say about violence the character is essentially a weapon destructive force built to be that defined by the humanity human side of that for both characters to see what the cost is what is it like in the winter of their lives what does that look like what is it like playing a character who ages on screen over a period of 17 years character who is invincible embodying so many of those changes that come to all of us with age ageing on screen aging on screen on stage preparing for this movie for 17 years Charles Xavier also knows Logan's past where he came from how damaged he is how vulnerable he is damaged vulnerable last film Berlin world premiering world premier movie festival Berlin Movie Festival two strapping actors grown men shedding a tear at our own movie ran the credits no more perfect way no more appropriate way say goodbye to Charles Xavier than what I had just watched I was a bit of a pain in the neck James Mangold film makers I wasn't settling I felt a deep sense of satisfaction and gratitude bittersweet there's nothing bitter about it it feels very satisfying X-Men franchise set in a world of make believe poignant some of these decade old Marvel themes have become current global political climate superpowers included these are human beings all of the X-Men that we have ever met going back to 1998 - 99 are real and recognisable people DNA of X-Men original allegory for the civil rights movement Charles Xavier Patrick's character Martin Luther King Ian McKellen's character Magneto being Malcolm X Bryan Singer 2000 opened X-Men filming in a concentration camp second world war first treatment talk of a border wall primaries were happening I think someone's leaked our script that's when you know you're on the right track great filmmaker like James Mangold has things he wants to say deeply personal story about family how difficult it is sometimes to connect and to love similar we close down and just look after our own or do we open up to the world theme movie could not have been predicted pertinent as it is now three principal characters have one overriding objective in this film to reach a border cross it into safety hundreds and hundreds of thousands of people whose only hope whose only chance of survival is to reach a border and to cross it to safety suddenly our film has become extraordinarily relevant cross border issues live debating point in Europe Patrick you said earlier this year you were embarrassed to be British having once been so proud to be part of the European Union rise of populist politics America Europe Austria France Germany Netherlands deeply dismayed process separating ourselves from the European Union one of the most profound and heartwarming political decisions of the 20th century memories of the second world war my father coming home from that we said officially formally signed the documents Europe is united it made me so happy now we're in the process of unravelling this cannot come to good /

Can omega-3 fish oil supplements work?

Credit: WebMD

Cold water oily fish, such as Salmon & Tuna, in the diet, is protective against cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer, dementia, age-related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia,¹, depression,² anxiety,³ & even violent behaviour.⁴

These benefits have been attributed to the omega-3 fatty acid⁵ which they contain. Omega-3 supplements have, as a result, become popular. However, subsequent research has found that omega-3 supplements are ineffective.^6,7

Just before you give up on the idea of omega-3 supplements, the most recent research shows that:

● only one third of the contents of a typical supplement is actually omega-3

● omega-3 in a typical supplement is oxidised, which makes it ineffective

This suggests that supplements would be effective if a pure, non-oxidised, source of omega-3 was available.

Check out omega-3 supplements from “algal sources”.

More in the podcast & transcript at:
http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/fish-oil/8307066
__________

¹ NHS Choices: “Oily fish: mighty omega-3 or codswallop?”, http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/superfoods/Pages/is-oily-fish-a-superfood.aspx

² Be Brain Fit: “Fish Oil: Liquid Gold for Depression & Mood Disorders”, https://bebrainfit.com/fish-oil-depression/

³ Psychology Today: “Fish Oil & Anxiety”, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201111/fish-oil-and-anxiety

⁴ HitchHiker’s Guide 2 Tech: “Does eating salmon lower the murder rate?”, https://hhg2tech.blogspot.com/2014/08/does-eating-salmon-lower-murder-rate.html

⁵ Wikipedia: “Omega-3 fatty acid”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid

⁶ Australian Broadcasting Corporation: “Australian researchers surprised to find fish oil not protective against heart disease”, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-13/fish-oil-not-protective-against-heart-disease-study-finds/6389126

⁷ Australian Broadcasting Corporation: “Fish oil supplements do not prevent heart disease: study”, www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2015/s4215290.htm

/ algal sources Something fishy in the oil U.S. study replicates findings USA New Zealand Australia what's really in that fish oil capsule Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC Health Report Dr. Norman Swan reducing your risk of heart attack stroke US study replicates findings New Zealand Australia far from what you think you are paying for Preston Mason pharmacologist Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School in Boston huge industry local stores very popular brands omega-3 dietary supplements laboratory lab capsules examine them for their content interesting observations omega-3 fish oil supplement a third of the overall product two-thirds other fats significant levels of saturated fat saturated fat source preparations remove other fats put it in as it's harvested problem omega-3 fatty acids generally oxidised interacted with oxygen like biological rust no longer effective test them oxides had no benefit biological activity important omega-3 fatty acids Cochrane collaboration trials of fish oil cardiovascular effect effect from fish oil oxidised quality issues confidence in any of these studies well-characterised well qualified product trials don't involve such products how can a manufacturer avoid oxidisation inevitable low-cost product extraordinary efforts isolate unoxidised forms omega-3 production of omega-3 by-product formation of proteins for poultry farmers large study New Zealand Auckland 30 different products over 80% had higher than accepted levels of oxidation parameters high levels of oxidation confirmed other labs Canada other parts of North America poor consumer industry that's not carefully regulated consumer beware lack of oversight levels quality omega-3 fatty acids in fish oils Preston Mason Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston research group Liggins Institute University of Auckland published extensive analysis fish oil capsules authors Professor David Cameron-Smith New Zealand. Welcome Health Report broadly the same results research fish oil study ability of fish oil to mitigate the risk of diabetes oxidative effects inflammatory effects of diabetes mitigation of diabetes inflammatory events elevated blood glucose fish oil participants in that clinical research same results saturated fatty acids capsules doses omega-3 fatty acids very high rates of oxidation gone off long chain omega-3 fatty acids one of the most unstable compounds on earth long very complicated very prone to oxidation start to go rancid very quickly just like leaving fish on the bench starts to go rancid taste awful very quickly CSIRO researcher saying published a similar study in November David Cameron-Smith data anomalies research journal authors Omega-3 Centre mouthpiece propagating benefits omega-3 commercial laboratory analysis analyses performed using techniques commercial in confidence best efforts supplements methodologies results methodologies are confidential consumer fish oil supplements by-product huge industry food stock most fish oil is farmed from ocean fish off the coast of Peru and Chile large trawling vessels processed onshore conditions ship shore processing can't verify the quality high throughput processing fish oil feeding fish meal single biggest product fisheries smaller by-product less valuable by-product fish oil reliable products market advice source abundant supply of fresh oily fish omega-3 reliable source manufacture omega-3s from algal sources unoxidised source of omega-3 algal sources Health Report Norman Swan Professor David Cameron-Smith human nutritionist Liggins Institute at the University of Auckland /

Keezel: easy-to-use privacy & security for every online device, everywhere – a long time coming

Keezel’s battery can be used to charge your other USB devices
Credit: Pinterest

Public WiFi networks are far from secure. Free WiFi at that coffee shop may not be the bargain it appears. A VPN¹ represents a substantial security upgrade.

Keezel is VPN-in-a-box for WiFi networks – single button operation. I previously wrote about it on 17 July 2015. Indiegogo funding closed 23 August 2015. As of this date, few have been delivered.

In the interim, there have been a number of upgrades, including the battery, from around 5,000 mAh to 8,000 mAh+.

C|Net – “Keezel's hotspot purifies your public Wi-Fi network (hands-on)”
https://www.cnet.com/au/products/keezel/preview/

Z – “Keezel review” – If you can’t read Dutch, try Google Translate – worked for me
http://www.rtlz.nl/tech/keezel-review-routertje-met-kinderziektes-houdt-apparaten-veilig

Indiegogo project – “Keezel: Online Security for Every Device Everywhere”
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/keezel-online-security-for-every-device-everywhere-wifi-technology/x/9010251#/

HitchHiker's Guide 2 Tech post from 2015 – “Keezel: easy-to-use privacy & security for every online device, everywhere (video)”
https://hhg2tech.blogspot.com/2015/07/keezel-easy-to-use-privacy-security-for.html
__________

¹ “A VPN, or Virtual Private Network, allows you to create a secure connection to another network over the Internet.” – How to How-To Geek: “What Is a VPN, & Why Would I Need One?”, https://www.howtogeek.com/133680/htg-explains-what-is-a-vpn/ / one device fits in your pocket changes online world control your Internet world’s first portable on line see what you are doing online visit blocked websites all over the world geographically locked region locked secure all your devices one keezel no software installation needed required growth intelligent worldwide keezel network provider provided best providers keezel switch it on with 1 button one button operation privacy feel secure connect to whatever you want control crowdfunding unique server network worldwide keezel chooses best available connection everytime you connect Keezel partners partner world class VPN providers servers worldwide combining multiple VPN networks provide largest most resilient network keezel automatically selects best connection best service simple big worldwide server network working for you keezel online freedom protecting your privacy security free and open internet WiFi networks all WiFi devices VPN technology simple campaign perks 1 year 2 year lifelong access our world class VPN network free basic service protect your privacy security on WiFi networks free WiFi connect to WiFi expose yourself to identity theft data leakage colleagues at work on the company network keezel protects your privacy security online coffee shops hotels airports at work at home encryption encrypts encrypt your connection all connected devices without having to install software app application many governments censor Internet blocking voices opposition Facebook Twitter other websites blocked Internet widespread problem websites TV shows watched in certain countries episodes your favorite show unavailable when travelling watch a sports game race inaccessible in your country or region connect keezel country of your choice keezel creates your own secure WiFi network Keezel connects to WiFi networks your favorite coffee shop creates a secure WiFi network open source encryption technology big companies government organizations protect their data doesn't require installation laptop phone smart solution works with all your WiFi devices connect your personal keezel WiFi online freedom without screens keezel's VPN service high quality resilient server network all over the world partners partner world class network providers best service super competitive price Indiegogo perks least one year of this service premium service limited speed locations secure browsing emailing encryption change location country great battery life charge charges your phone keezel powerful battery almost three times the capacity of your iPhone 6 use keezel charge other devices service subscription only limited speed locations 8000 mAh 7000 mAh 5000 mAh /

Vigo electric motorcycle now on Indiegogo

Credit: Vigo/Drivespark

Remember the Vigo electric motorcycle?

HitchHiker's Guide 2 Tech – “Vigo electric motorcycle from Eco Motorcycles UK”
https://hhg2tech.blogspot.com/2017/01/vigo-electric-motor-cycle-from-eco.html

Some extraordinary claims – read the post linked above – but some of the more extreme claims included:

● 160% of the battery for 59% of the price (44% at the “supporter” price) of the current competition

● 400 miles (640 k) range – which seems to defy the laws of physics for any practical purpose

Now there is an Indiegogo project, which explains what, “Retail Price £7,999 (9,799 USD)”, &, “Special Price (for supporters) £5,999 (7,499 USD)”, meant. Shipping of the first pre-ordered motorcycles is planned for January 2019. Ongoing reduction in battery prices in the intervening 2 years, may account for the claims on battery capacity & price.

Vigo is being developed in Britain. The Indiegogo page mentions the British Government grant of 20% or £1,500, whichever is the lesser – “The grant amount will be deducted during purchase.” It is unclear whether quoted prices include the grant.

Claims on maximum range remain unchanged at, “400 miles (640 km)”, although some detail has been added:
“The following range has been compiled using 80% city, 20% highway environment with an average speed of 45 mph. Factors like: weight load, speed, adaptive braking ratio might gradually reduce the overall range of the vehicle. Values have been calculated taking into consideration specifications of used components.” – Vigo Motorcycles Indiegogo project page

Note that the range claim is, “calculated”, rather than measured using a prototype – confirmed by the words, “CONCEPT STAGE”, just below the video at the top of the Indiegogo page. Until demonstrated otherwise, I'll stick with my estimate in the earlier post, of a maximum of 260 miles (418 km), for any practical purpose – around town – less on the highway.

Indiegogo – “VIGO: Electric Motorcycle of the Future”
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/vigo-electric-motorcycle-of-the-future/x/9010251#/ / video check specs specifications Eco Motorcycles web site range 400 miles 640 km battery capacity 21 kWh battery life motor power 90 kW 120 horsepower acceleration 3.2 seconds 60 mph 100 kmh max speed 180 mph 290 km/h weight 350 pounds 160 kg specs price estimated retail price £7,999 $US9,799 USD $A13,160 Australian special price supporters £5,999 $US7,499 USD $A9,866 Australian Zero Motorcycles SR ZF13.0 Zero SR ZF13.0 13.0 kWh battery Zero Battery 13.0 kWh city speed range 161 miles 259 km highway speed 55 mph 89 km/h 98 miles 158 km highway speed 70 mph 113 km/h 81 miles 130 km top speed 102 mph 164 km/h range Zero scaling 161 mile 259 km city speed range Zero larger battery Vigo 21 kWh 13.0 kWh 260 miles 418 km 400 miles 640 km claimed Eco Motorcycles developing Vigo Eco Motorcycles retailer Zero electric motorcycles Zero SR ZF13.0 price Eco Motorcycles in development motorcycle 160% bigger battery 59% price supporter price current competition performance Zero acceleration power quoted Vigo 90 kW 73% greater 52 kW claimed Zero higher top speed top speed 73% more power aerodynamic drag increases as the square of the speed range claim of 400 miles range city speed claimed range Vigo seems to defy the laws of physics Vigo electric motorcycle motor cycle Vigo currently in development commercial product first development project startup manufacturer fail battery prices will continue to fall motorcycle 21 kWh battery quoted price range adjusted inflation likely to be possible within a few years top speed range specs specifications better than Zero SR ZF13.0 Eco Motorcycles Vigo Zero Motorcycles Zero SR ZF1 /

Fasting reverses diabetes in mice

Credit: American Pregnancy Association

Diet has long been associated with a range of health benefits, including longevity, reduced heart disease, protection against Alzheimer's, weight control (obviously)^1,2,3 & even a reduced murder rate.⁴

A new study appears to demonstrate that intermittent fasting can reverse type 1 & type 2 diabetes.

Australian Broadcasting Corporation – “Fasting diet could regenerate pancreas & reverse diabetes, researchers say”
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-26/fasting-diet-could-reverse-diabetes-and-regenerate-the-pancreas/8304426

BBC – “Fasting diet ‘regenerates diabetic pancreas’”
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-39070183
__________

¹ “Increasing lifespan & healthspan through diet”, https://hhg2tech.blogspot.com/2015/07/increasing-lifespan-healthspan-through.html

² “Alzheimer’s – can we prevent it?”, https://hhg2tech.blogspot.com/2016/08/alzheimers-can-we-prevent-it.html

³ “How too much fat & sugar + too little fibre is making us sick”, https://hhg2tech.blogspot.com/2014/08/how-too-much-fat-sugar-too-little-fibre_23.html

⁴ “Does eating salmon lower the murder rate?”, https://hhg2tech.blogspot.com/2014/08/does-eating-salmon-lower-murder-rate.html / fast fasting diet regenerate pancreas reverse diabetes researchers fasting diet regenerate pancreas potentially reverse diabetes researchers have found US study published scientific journal Cell tested modified version the fasting-mimicking diet FMD mice human cells findings showed cycles diet regenerate pancreatic cells restore insulin production type 1 diabetes patients reverse both type 1 and 2 diabetes mice Dr Valter Longo University of Southern California findings potentially very exciting cures cure type 1 and type 2 diabetes type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes Dr Longo FMD regenerate other organs research shown similar effects for blood cells extreme diets with very specific compositions can trigger self repair and regeneration processes mouse possibly humans Dr Longo challenges side-effects fasting in humans team developed modified low-calorie low-protein low-carbohydrate high-fat four-day FMD diet caused changes levels specific growth factors glucose ketone bodies reduced blood glucose pre-diabetic patients mice FMD improved glucose tolerance insulin tolerance diet pancreas control blood sugar levels restoring organ reverse symptoms diabetes diet regenerate pancreas reprogramming cells into beta cells make insulin study cycles FMD promote generation insulin-producing cells pancreatic cells replicate extremely low rate adult pancreas tissue regeneration solution cell depletion loss of insulin secretion stem cell transplantation FMD cycles rescued mice late-stage type 2 diabetes restoring insulin secretion reducing insulin resistance major improvement in the mice's survival Do not try this at home potentially ground-breaking findings Dr Longo warned people not to take up a fasting diet without consulting a doctor should not be done at home self-made diets should be done under medical supervision next step carry out clinical trials on humans patients to speak to their doctor before trying this at home /

Do you really need this shit? – Amazon Contemplate forces you to think twice about your purchases

Does your credit card balance bear the scars of impulsive online purchases?

Amazon Contemplate is a Chrome extension that just may help.


Amazon Contemplate in action, saving another credit card from a fate worse than, exactly the same as, debt
Credit: maxdore123/Chrome web store

LifeHacker – “Amazon Contemplate Forces You To Think Twice About Your Amazon Purchases”
https://www.lifehacker.com.au/2017/02/amazon-contemplate-forces-you-to-think-twice-about-your-amazon-purchases/

Get the extension at:
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/amazon-contemplate/cepclempoeggcpgbmomhpalbcekpnccl

Is your credit card debt more than you are comfortable with? Psychological studies show that people are, in general, more likely to spend, & even pay more for the same item, when credit is available.

Psychology Today – “Why We Overspend With Credit”
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/retail-therapy/201306/why-we-overspend-credit

Many financial advisers suggest cutting up your credit card(s).

LearnVest – “I Cut Up My Credit Cards – & Paid Off $30,000”
https://www.learnvest.com/2013/03/i-cut-up-my-credit-cards-and-paid-off-30000/

Your first thought may be, “But what about online purchases?” Well that's the point of the extension – online purchases can lead to buying shit you don't really need. Way round this is, rather than literally cutting up your credit card, go to your financial institution, close your credit card account, & replace it with a debit card. This is equally acceptable to online stores & you’re spending your own money, rather than getting (further) into debt. / Chrome extension Amazon Contemplate impulse buy credit card debt bankrupt bankruptcy convenient buy just budget site too tempting Amazon Contemplate Chrome extension forces you to wait 30 seconds before you make an Amazon purchase pops up click add something to your cart asks if you really want to buy you're thinking about buying close tab save your cash wait for it to timeout proceed with your purchase annoying that's the point if you have a hard time resisting Amazon this tool helps habit thinking about your spending link below think before you spend impulse control self control what about online purchases responsible adult credit cards financial instrument more convenient carry and use than cash smooth consumption over time borrow from the future credit cards can be dangerous psychological reasons urge to pursue goals closest to completion drives people focus repaying small debts first interest rates leaving money on the table experimental research credit cards stimulate overspending willing to pay more same product using credit using cash trait-based explanations credit card premium people spend more with credit credit card premium consistently observed psychological forces that underlie less psychologically painful swipe credit card physically hand over cash Manoj Thomas colleagues spending differences tightwads chronically find spending painful spendthrifts don’t find spending painful enough smaller people were required to use credit to make purchases people were required to use cash credit anesthetize pain of paying catch up to the spending levels spendthrifts credit reduce the sting of payment also stimulates desire experiments Richard Feinberg manipulated credit card logos visible participants how much they would be willing to pay cash products Feinberg hypothetical willingness pay actual cash donations charity significantly greater credit card logos visible replicated Priya Raghubir and Joydeep Srivastava results suggest consumers have been conditioned associate credit card logos consumption exposure credit card logos stimulate craving smelling fresh cookies stimulates hunger emotional factors cognitive factors contribute credit card premium credit limits credit users benchmarks compare prices research Dilip Soman and Amar Cheema high credit limits signal future earnings potential consumers with limited credit experience expected earnings make prices seem relatively small stimulates spending Work by Carey Morewedge colleagues credit limits themselves make purchases appear small seem less expensive available credit wallet /